Hope For Cancer

What is the Esophagus?

The esophagus is a hollow tube that transfers food from the throat to the stomach, that is the “food tube”. The tube starts just below the “epiglottis”, the flap that keeps food from going into our trachea (air pipe) when we swallow. It ends at where it joins with the upper portion of the stomach, called the “cardia”. The actual area of coinage is called the “gastroesophageal junction”. The esophagus is muscular, to help propel food downward with swallowing. It has a complex array of nerves (“plexus”) that work to coordinate the swallowing motion. The upper 2/3 of the esophagus has a inner lining (“mucosa”) of a special type of cell, called “squamous” cells, which are also found in the mouth and anal region. These cells resist abrasion and heat and are able to heal quickly if damaged, say by the sharp edges on food. The lower 1/3 of the esophagus has an inner lining of a different type of mucosa called “columnar” cells.

This becomes important for considering the cancers that arise in the esophagus. If the lower portion of the esophagus becomes infiltrated with intestinal-like glands, as it is prone to do with prolonged irritation, then this is called “Barrett’s” esophagus and is a risk factor to get cancer, as will be seen.

The esophagus has an outer lining, called the “adventitia”, which surrounds the muscular layers and separates the esophagus from other nearby organs. The heart is directly behind the middle esophagus, while the windpipe (“trachea”) is directly in front of it. The esophagus is also very close to the liver, lungs, and major blood vessels from the heart (“aorta and venal cava”). The esophagus receives most of it’s blood from the aorta and drains it to the liver and venal cava. A system of “drainage channels” runs through the esophagus, between the mucosal and muscular layers. These are called “lymph channels” and act to purify the blood serum, by transporting it to nearby “lymph nodes” (glands) where the serum is filtered. Both the blood supply, and lymph channels and glands, can act as conduits to spread infection or cancer. This spread may be along the length of the esophagus, around it’s diameter, to local lymph nodes or organs, or to distant body areas.

When a person has shrinkage (“cirrhosis”) of the liver due to excessive alcohol or chronic infections, it places back pressure on the blood draining from the esophagus. This results in swelling of the blood vessels in the lower esophagus, called “varices”. These may spontaneously bleed when there is a lot a pressure between the liver and esophagus (“portal hypertension”) and is a medical emergency. Other common problems with the esophagus (besides cancer) are “rings” or “webs”– areas of protrusion into the normally hollow interior (“lumen”) of the esophagus where food can get caught. A “stricture” is an area of narrowing of the esophagus, often from scarring from ingested chemicals (i.e. lye). Achalasia is a disease where the nerves in the esophagus don’t coordinate swallowing properly, so food gets caught there. An inflammation is “esophagitis”, caused by bacteria, virus, or fungi, drugs or radiation.

What is Esophagus Cancer?

The esophagus, like all body tissues, is made up of individual cells. Normally, cells within the forming esophagus divide and grow very rapidly in the womb, in early childhood, and through puberty. In adulthood, new cells are only formed to replace those which have died from injury, old age or disease. The division of cells to produce new ones is under tight control by the “genes” within each cell. These genes are made up of DNA, and if it becomes damaged, the cell may start dividing out of control.Esophagus cancer starts in a single cell which has become abnormal. This cells produces millions, and eventually billions, of copies of itself. The copies are called“clones”. These clones fail to function as normal esophagus tissue, but instead divert resources from healthy cells to fuel their own growth. When there are about 1 billion cells, they form a clump, or “tumor” 1/2 inch across. A “tumor” merely means a swelling, it can be caused by infection, inflammation, cancer or whatever. If a tumor only grows in it’s local area (even very large) but does not have the capacity to spread to distant body areas, it is called“benign” and isnot cancer. If, however, the tumor has the ability to spread to distant body areas, it is called “malignant” andthis is cancer. The actual process of spread is called“metastasis”, and can occur to any area of the body.

The most common type of benign esophageal tumor arises from the muscular layer, and is called a “leiomyoma”. Unfortunately, a quickly growing tumor within the esophagus is most likely to be cancerous.

How Common is Esophagus Cancer?

There were12,500 new cases of esophagus cancer and 11,000 deaths attribute-
bale to the disease in 1996. It Accounts for 5% of Gastrointestinal cancers and about 1% of all new cancers in the U.S.A. The overall number of cases each year is steadily increasing. In some places, like Northern China, it is 10 times more common than in North America. It is the 7th most common cancer worldwide. In the U.S.A. men are affected more than twice as commonly as women, and Black men 3 times as often as White men. The average patient is 60 years old.

What are the Types of Esophagus Cancer?

The most common type had always been “squamous cell carcinoma” arising from
the upper 2/3 of the esophagus. Now, however, there has been a dramatic increase in another type, called“adenocarcinoma”, which tends to arise in the lower 1/3 of the esophagus. Currently, the number of each of these two types of cancer cases is about equal, and together they make up nearly 100% of today’s esophagus cancers. White men tend to get the disease more commonly in the lower esophagus, while Black men get it in the middle and upper esophagus.

There are occasional rare cancers found in the esophagus, such as “sarcomas” which arise from the muscular wall, “cylindroma” which begins from glands, and “lymphoma” that starts from the body’s immune system cells within the esophagus.

What Causes, or Increases the Risk for Esophagus Cancer?

Like any cancer, the exact reason why one person gets esophagus cancer and another does not remainsunknown. However, various “risk factors” have been noted to increase the risk for developing esophagus cancer.

People don’t think much about their esophagus (food tube) unless it gets diseased. Esophagus cancer used to be uniformly fatal, but newer treatments offer more hope of survival and comfort than ever before.It is critical to get the right treatment for esophagus cancer- this can literally make the difference between life and death. Understanding your choices gives you the peace-of-mind of knowing that you have done everything possible to fight esophagus cancer successfully.

All types of cancer are difficult, though esophagus and lung cancers like mesothelioma tend to be the mostdevastating. Mesothelioma and other asbestos related cancers often are expensive to treat, somesothelioma attorneys can help you receive compensation.

CancerAnswers’s material explains, in plain English, the definition, types, frequency, symptoms, evaluation, historic treatment and latest effective treatment for esophagus cancer. We describe surgery, radiation and chemotherapy, and tell you their results. We tell you everything you need to know to make the right choices today to deal with an esophagus cancer problem.

This is just an excerpt from our Complete Cancer Treatment Transcript. Much more, including latest treatments, can be sent to you by email when you order the complete transcript at a nominal cost.

What is Colo-rectum?

A cancer originating in the colon, or rectum, makes up this group. The colon and rectum are continuous, but the differing treatments for cancers arising in different parts of the intestinal tract makes it useful to distinguish them by location. The colon is also known as the “large intestine,” and starts where the small intestine ends, in the area of the lower right portion of the abdomen. The area where the small intestine becomes the colon is called the“cecum,” and the fingerlike “appendix” is located nearby. The colon is shaped like an arch. The right leg of the arch is called the “ascending colon,” and runs up the right side of the abdomen, bending under the liver. The arching portion is the “transverse colon,” and it runs under the pancreas and stomach, ending under the spleen. The left portion of the arch is the “descending colon” running down the left side of the abdomen. The descending colon connects to the “sigmoid colon,” which is shaped like an “S,” and moves toward the center of the pelvis. The sigmoid colon joins the “rectum” at the “recto-sigmoid” junction; the rectum is about 7 inches long. The rectum becomes the“anal canal” at the “ano-rectal” junction, this canal is about 2 inches long and terminates as the“anus,” where bowel movements actually leave the body. Since the lining cells inside the colon and rectum are similar, and produce mucous, the cancers that arise in this part of the digestive system are also similar, and considered together. However, the cells lining the inside of the anal canal are different, so different cancers arise there, and this is a separate topic.

The colo-rectum has a rich blood supply ; this is needed to absorb nutrients from the bowel and get them into the bloodstream. The “mesenteric” arteries arteries are large branches off of the body’s main artery (the “aorta”), and provide fresh blood with oxygen and nutrients to the bowel. If that blood supply is cut off, the bowel will become “infarcted” (shut off from fresh blood), painful, and ultimately die (“necrosis”). This will allow the bacteria normally within the bowel, which solidify stool, to escape into the sterile abdomen causing infection (“peritonitis”). The bowel can become infarcted from a blood clot in the mesenteric blood vessels, becoming twisted upon itself (“torsion”), telescoping in upon itself (“volvulus”), or by a growing tumor. Blood is drained from the bowel by the “mesenteric” veins, which send that blood through the liver (“portal vein”) to extract and process digested fats, proteins and sugars. The processed blood is then returned to the heart by the large vein draining the liver (“inferior vena cava”). The point is that infection or cancer cells can travel from the bowel up into the liver, and from there through the regular bloodstream to other areas . If a cancer spreads (“metastasizes”) via the bloodstream, it is called “hematogenous metastasis.” Initially, single cancer cells traveling in the bloodstream will “seed” other areas (“micrometastasis”), and eventually (if unchecked) grow into large tumors there.

The bowel also has within it a series of “patches” of clumps of White Blood Cells, called “Peyer’s Patches.” These are called “lymphoid tissue,” much like the tonsils in the throat, and help fight infection in the bowel. The bowel has an inner lining of specialized cells (see below) called the “mucosa,” but it’s walls are made of “muscle layers.” These muscle layers allow the bowel to move (“peristalsis”) so digesting food is passed through. Just underneath the delicate mucosal inner lining, but before the muscle layers, is an area of loose connective tissue called the “submucosa.” Within the submucosa exists a network of “lymph channels,” which collect the “tissue fluid” that has migrated out from the blood vessels, to bathe and nourish each cell. These lymph channels drain to pea-sized “lymph nodes” around the bowel, which are filled with White Blood Cells. The purpose of the lymph nodes is to filter and purify the blood, trapping germs and cancer cells. When lymph nodes are invaded by infection or cancer, they swell(“lymphadenopathy”) . Normal “lymph fluid” is eventually returned back into the blood stream, after purification by the lymph nodes. The importance of this is that the lymph system can act as a conduit for spread of infections or cancer (“lymphogenous metastasis”). Commonly, but not always, the local lymph nodes are involved before more distant sites.

What is Colo-Rectal Cancer?

The cells lining the inner colon and rectum are called “columnar epithelial cells,” and also “goblet cells” which secrete mucous to help keep the stool soft. These cells invaginate (fold upon themselves) to form glands, and the type of cancer which most commonly arises from glands is called“adenocarcinoma.” As with all cells in the body, the production of new cells lining the intestine is under tight control from the “genes” within each cell, which are themselves composed of the basic genetic material “DNA.” In the growing child, the cells divide quickly to form the enlarging intestines, but in the adult cells are only produced to replace those that die of injury or lost to old age. Colon cancer, like any cancer, starts in a single cell . This cell loses control of it’s division and then starts to reproduce in a haphazard, uncontrolled manner to form a “tumor.” A tumor merely means a swelling, it can be caused by most anything and is not necessarily cancer. A “benign” tumor, also called a “polyp” within the intestines, only grows within it’s local area; it cannot go to other areas of the body and so is not cancer. In contrast, a “malignant” tumor is capable of spreading to any area of the body, it is cancer. This process of spread is called “metastasis.” Sometimes previously benign tumors can become malignant over time, this process is called “malignant degeneration” and happens in some polyps. Most polyps, however, will never become cancerous. If cancer does arise and is not effectively treated, the will ultimately spread to other crucial body areas and kill the patient. Advanced colon cancer most often kills by causing anemia, debility, infection, and organ failure. This is why it is critical to diagnose and treat any cancer as early as possible, when the chances for successful treatment are highest.

How common is Colo-rectal Cancer?

Colo-rectal cancer is the third most most lethal cancer in the United States, after lung and breast cancer, with 156,000 new cases and 60,000 deaths in 1996 . Of these deaths, 52,000 are from colon cancer and 8,000 are from rectal cancer. Over their lifetimes, 5% of Americans will develop a colo-rectal cancer at some point. The disease is rare (3% of cases) in those under 40 years old. Men are effected slightly more often than women. The disease is more common in the Western World than in Asia. However, if an Asian person moves to the United States, there chance for getting colon cancer increases. In the United States, the highest risk areas are in the Northeast, and the lowest in the Southwest. The incidence of colo-rectal cancer has been going up over the past 3 decades, but the death rate peaked in 1985, owing to earlier detection and better treatments.

How and Where Does Colo-rectal Cancer Start?

It usually starts from a polyp, which is a protrusion of gut tissue which starts as being non- cancerous. These polyps are often screened for, and may be removed before becoming cancerous. If a polyp is less than 1 cm. across, it has only a 1% chance of being cancerous, but if it is larger than 2 cm. across, the chance of cancer rises to almost 50% . Polpys become much more common as we grow older, over 80% of people over 70 years old have at least one polyp. The risk for developing Colo-rectal cancer is increased with:

1) A high fat, low fiber diet. (The NCI noted 40 studies making this association). This is thought due these foods taking longer to pass through the colon, thus allowing more contact with cancer-inducing chemicals (“carcinogens”) in these foods. In contrast, high fiber foods stimulate the colon to move food through quickly, and lessen the chance for polyps to form. Colo-rectal cancer is rare in societies that eat mostly fruits and vegetables, and the vitamins in these (especially vitamins A and E ) may be protective. This is a reason that colon cancer is rarer in the Far East where less dietary fat is consumed.
2) Family Predisposition Certain cancers, namely colo-rectal, breast, uterine and ovarian, tend to occur with alteration of the same genes, known as the “family cancer syndrome” genes. While not all people with these inherited genes get cancer, many do. Around 15% of new patients with colo-rectal cancer have close family members with disease.
3) Hereditary syndromes causing multiple polyps in the digestive tract. For example, 100% of Familial Polyposis patients will get colon cancer if the colon isn’t removed. In this condition, there are thousands of polyps in the colon, and the more polyps, the greater the chances for a cancerous one to arise. Other rarer syndromes include “Turcot’s,” where there are associated brain tumors, and “Gardner’s,” with tumors in other glandular areas. The Peutz- Jeghers syndrome has lots of polyps throughout the intestinal tract, but they are the more benign type (“hamartomas”) and the risk of cancer is low.
4) Age older than 40 years . Younger patients rarely develop this cancer, but if so it tends to be very aggressive. The average patient is 60 years old. This goes along with more polyp formation as we get older, and a greater risk that the polyps will be abnormal (“dysplastic”) with age.
5) Inflammatory bowel disease, especially ulcerative colitis (less in Crohn’s). The risk of developing colon cancer with ulcerative colitis is about 2% per year. In these conditions, there are many more new intestinal cells being produced to replace those lost through inflammation and infection. The more new cells formed, the greater chance that a cancerous one will arise.
6) Radiation Exposure to the abdomen or pelvis may trigger cancer, but usually not for 10 to 50 years after the exposure. The chance of developing cancer from medical X-rays is remote, estimated at about 6 cases per million X-ray procedures. Moreover, the type of cancer induced by radiation is more likely to be a muscle, bone or cartilage tumor (“sarcoma”) than the much more common adenocarcinoma of the colo-rectum.
7) Chemical Exposure (“carcinogens”) from foods or even from substances produced within our own bodies. It is thought that eating burnt foods, nitrites, and various artificial additives and preservatives may increase cancer risk, but it is hard to prove. The more fats a person eats, the more bile salts their gall bladder releases, and these have been shown to promote polyp growth. It is very hard to eat a pure, clean diet in America.
Possible link to depression, with decreased immune system response. Generally, digestive diseases have been considered by psychiatry to result from “anger turned inward.” It is now known that normal people’s immune systems are able to recognize and destroy tiny cancer cells before they can spread. In the diseased or depressed person, the immune system does not function efficiently and may allow cancer to start. The flip side is that a good positive attitude helps cancer patients live longer and better. Over 50% of cancers are in the rectum or lowest portion of the colon, the sigmoid. In the colon, 25% of cancers are in the ascending portion, 15% in the transverse portion, and 10% in the descending portion. There has been a shift toward the right colon in the past 2 decades.

How can Colo-Rectal cancer be Prevented?

Increased intake of fiber and Vitamin A, and decreased fat in the diet, are thought protective against bowel cancers. For high risk patients, early detection with occult blood tests and periodic colonoscopy and polyp removal is appropriate. For the rare very high risk patient, who has a genetic disease with multiple polyps, prophylactic removal of the colon may be reasonable since almost 100% of these patients will get colon cancer if it isn’t removed. Any prolonged rectal bleeding, whether bright and red or black and tarry must be promptly evaluated, and not just ignored as “hemorrhoids.”

What are the Symptoms of Colo-rectal Cancer?

The most common symptom is blood in the stool . This is bright red with cancers of the rectum and sigmoid colon, but is usually thick, black, and “tarry” if the cancer is higher up in the digestive tract. This type thick tarry blood is called “melena,” and is the result of the blood being partially digested. It is important to note that most blood found in the stool is not due to a cancer, but rather a benign condition such as ulcers, bleeding polyps, hemorrhoids or fissures in the anal canal. Nonetheless, persistant bleeding must never be ignored. With any prolonged slow bleeding, It is common to develop Iron-Deficiency anemia, manifested by weakness and paleness, and eventual shortness of breath. This bleeding may be so slow that the patient doesn’t even realize it, yet comes to their doctor with anemia. Subsequent evaluation of this bleeding may prove a bowel cancer.

Changes in the stool are often seen. These are chronic diarrhea in many right-sided colon cancers, and pencil-thin stools in left sided or rectal cancer. A feeling of incomplete emptying of the rectum, called“tenesmus” is frequent with rectal cancer.Pain usually occurs only later in the disease, usually due to painful spasms of the intestine, and invasion of the cancer into nerves. If a cancer grows large enough, it can completely block the bowel, causing “bowel obstruction.” Symptoms of total bowel obstruction include no appetite, no bowel movements, abdominal pain, bloating, vomiting. This is an emergency and must be treated with surgery. Every colo-rectal surgeon has had the experience of first detecting cancer at the time of this emergency surgery. Other common later ymptoms include abdominal masses as the tumor grows, weight loss, liver enlargement and bone pain with spread to those organs. Nearly all untreated colon cancer will eventually spread to the liver, since this follows the course of the draining (venous) blood from the colon . The liver provides an ideal spongy, blood-rich area for cancer “seeds” to implant and grow. Less than 10% of colon cancers spread to the brain, but a change in motor skills, judgement, memory or sensation is occasionally the first sign noted. Sometimes, the first sign is spread of the cancer to another body area, and the original tumor cannot even be found (but may have been from the digestive tract). This “cancer of unknown origin” is a well described clinical entity, and a different topic.

Cancer of the lower digestive tract is very common in the U.S.A, and was historically treated with drastic operations. The patient was often left with a bag on the abdomen to drain stool (a “colostomy”). Unfortunately, the death rate from the cancer was high even with these debilitating surgeries, and new research has shown some more effective ways of managing (and often curing) these cancers. These newer treatments commonly allow maintainance of normal toilet activity by avoiding colostomy. They are just as, if not more effective in producing a cure.

It is crucial to be well eductated to make the proper choices in dealing with colon or rectal cancer. This can literally make the difference between life and death. Being knowledgable gives you the peace-of-mind to know you have done everything possible to fight this disease successfully.

CancerAnswers’s materials explain, in plain English, the definition, frequency, risk factors, symptoms, evaluation, historic and latest effective treatments for colo-rectal cancer, as well as screening information. We describe treatments including surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy, and their results. We tell you everything you need to know to help you make the right choices today for a colon or rectal cancer problem.

This is just an excerpt from our Complete Cancer Treatment Transcript. Much more, including latest treatments, can be sent to you by email when you order the complete transcript at a nominal cost.

What is Chronic Leukemia?

Leukemia is a cancer of thewhite blood cells . It is divided into two general types, Acute andChronic.This is based upon their untreated behavior– with no treatment acute leukemia will kill within months, while the patient with chronic leukemia may live for many years. Both acute and chronic leukemias are further subclassified with regard to the particular white cell type they arose from. Normally, white blood cells act as agents of the body’s immune system, recognizing and destroying foreign invaders such as bacteria, viruses and fungi. White blood cells are larger than the red blood cells (which carry oxygen) and are easy to see under the microscope. Too few white blood cells will lead to massive infection, while too few red blood cells leads to the pallor and fatigue of anemia. Platelets are the third type of blood element (they are not whole cells) which allow clotting to occur. Too few platelets leads to bruising and internal bleeding.

Chronic leukemia was first recognized in 1845 as a massive accumulation of white blood cells. There are normally 3,000 to 10,000 white blood cells per milliliter of whole blood, but with chronic leukemia that number may skyrocket to above 100,000. Ironically, this increased number of white blood cells will actually lead to more infections, since these abnormal cells are not effective against fighting germs, and stymie production of normal cells. Thus, chronic leukemia is also usually accompanied by a decrease in red blood cells and platelets, leading to anemia and bruising. By contrast, the acute leukemias often have normal or reduced white blood cells. Besides for acute and chronic, another major division classifying leukemias is between the lymphoctytic and the myelogenous varieties. The lympho- cytic variety comes from thelymphocytes, which is a common white blood cell active in identifying and marking germs to be killed. In adults, about 1/3 of the total white blood cells are lymphocytes. The myelogenous variety comes from the other white blood cells besides lymphocytes, represents at least 7 different subtypes, and is often just called“non-lymphocytic” leukemia.

The major divisions of acute and chronic, and lymphocytic and myelogenous, are combined in the following four labels into which leukemias are grouped:

ALL (Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia)
AML (Acute Myelocytic Leukemia)
CLL (Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia)
CML (Chronic Myelocytic Leukemia)

Like all cancers, leukemia starts from a single abnormal cell, in this case a white blood cell. Normally, the division of human cells in under very tight control throughout life. The control is by the genes, which are packets of information within each cell. For any number a reasons, a cell’s genes may be altered and tell the cell to start dividing out of control. For most of the cell types that form the human body, this will lead to a mass of abnormal cells called a tumor. A tumor just means a swelling. A tumor which grows only in it’s local area, and doesnot spread, is called “benign” and isn’t cancer.

In contrast, a tumor which can spread to any area of the body is called “malignant” and is cancer. Thus, cancer is proved by it’s ability to spread, or “metastasize”. Since the blood is unique in traveling all through the body to nourish it, the same definitions of “spread” cannot be used for blood cancers (i.e. leukemia) as for “solid tumors” (i.e. lung cancer). The basic way of distinguishing the many “benign” blood conditions from “malignant” ones is by their behavior. Generally, benign conditions are not fatal. However, malignant blood diseases will naturally progress to kill the patient, either quickly (acute leukemia) or slowly (chronic leukemia). Proper treatment may interfere with this natural progression to death, and possibly even cure the patient. Since the behavior and effective treatment for acute and chronic leukemias is different, they are discussed in separate transcripts. Much recent progress have been made in understanding leukemias, and the relevant points are now summarized in sections.

How Common is Leukemia?
Each year in the United States there are 27,600 new cases of leukemia, with males getting the disease slightly more often than females. Childhood cases, which
are predominantly of the acute type, are about 7000 cases, so the remaining 20,000
cases occur in adults. The adult cases are about equally split between the lymphocy-
tic (ALL and CLL) types and the myelogenous types (AML and CML). For Chronic leukemias, CLL is overall the most common, making up 9,000 cases per year. Men are affected by this type of leukemia twice as often as women, and the average patient is 65 years old. Ninety percent of CLL patients are over 50 years old. CLL is not seen in children. On the other hand, CML makes up about 5000 cases per year, is most
common in 30 to 40 year olds, and is occasionally seen in children. Overall, numbers of leukemia cases have been increasing over the past 3 decades, although survival has been increasing due to more effective treatments.

What Causes Chronic Leukemia?
As with every cancer, the exact reason why one person gets chronic leukemia and
another does not is unknown . However, several factors have been noted to increase
the risk for getting this disease.

All leukemia comes from blood cells, which normally function to provide the body’s cells with oxygen (red blood cells), protect them from invading germs (white blood cells), and promote blood clotting after an injury (platelets). This system usually functions beautifully, and it’s proper workings are crucial to human life. These blood cells division is normally under tight control, and when a cell starts dividing out of control, it becomes “cancerous.”Cancer starts in just one cell! Chronic leukemias are cancers of blood cells, and are one of two basic types. Firstly, “Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia” (CLL) which starts in a popular type of white blood cell (“lymphocyte”), and the second is ÒChronic Non-Lymphocytic LeukemiaÓ (CNLL) which includes cancers arising from every other type of blood cell besides the lymphocyte. “Chronic Myelocytic Leukemia” (CML) is the most common type in this second category.

It is critical to get prompt diagnosis and proper treatment for chronic leukemia; this can literally make the difference between life and death. Understanding your options will give you the peace-of-mind of knowing you have done everything possible to ensure a successful outcome for yourself or a loved one.

If you’re interested in learning more about cancer and leukemia treatment, a nursing education might be a good career choice. You may be able to get education grants from hospitals to continue your medicaleducation, as many hospitals would love nurses to continue their college education.

CancerAnswers’s material explains, in plain English, the definition, types, risk factors, frequency, symptoms, evaluations, historical and latest effective treatments for chronic leukemia. We describe chemotherapy, radiation, new immune therapies and bone marrow transplantation, along with their side-effects and results. While we don’t promise a cure, tell you everything you must know to help you make the right choices today for dealing with a chronic leukemia problem.

This is just an excerpt of CancerAnswers’s report on Chronic Leukemia. Much more, including latest treatment, can be sent to you by mail when you order the complete Chronic Leukemia transcript at a nominal cost. Thank you for using CancerAnswers as your information resource.